The Verb-ing Form

First Article:

Disney Animation team pushes technical boundaries with Big Hero 6

New software that took two years and 200 million computing hours to make creates the essence of "Big Hero 6." 

Hiro rides Baymax, the huggable robot in "Big Hero 6" wearing 3D-printed armor

 Image: Disney

The real hero of "Big Hero 6" isn't Baymax, the on-screen huggable robot that has charmed audiences worldwide, but the team of artists and engineers that developed the cutting-edge technology that went into the creation of this Disney Animation megahit.

The animated film is the first ever produced with Hyperion, which is light-rendering software created by the Disney team. The software took two years and 200 million computing hours to create, and no one even knew if it would work when production began on "Big Hero 6," said Andy Hendrickson, CTO of Walt Disney Animation Studios.

"These films take about four years to make and we wrote Hyperion in about two years and used it for a good year. The first year of writing Hyperion was experiments to see if these new methods of rendering would actually work for us and how it would be idealized and optimized," Hendrickson said. "We were writing it and using it at the same time. That's not how ideally you'd want to do it. It's just like building a car while you're driving it. It's not the best way. But the idea and the visuals it was giving us on the screen were so awesome and compelling we were like, 'we've got to make this happen.'"

Hyperion is what gives "Big Hero 6" its beautiful cinematic imagery and depth. Until Hyperion was developed, Disney was never before able to use light in such a way. The light is what gives Baymax a transparent glow and allows light to bounce around inside of him, explained Don Hall, who directed the film with Chris Williams. The duo had done tests to see how audiences would react to a Baymax with a more skeletal structure visible inside him, and they found he lost a lot of his character and appeal. He needed to appear soft and glowing.

Light-rendering software gives Baymax a transparent glow.

 Image: Disney

"The look I wanted for the movie from the beginning was to be very cinematic. This felt like a good opportunity to push camerawork, to push lighting to cinematic realms and as much as we could to approximate a live action camera while still maintaining our caricature," Hall said.

"We made this artistic stake in the ground: Our details will be very rich and our characters will be very simple. Luckily they had just finished Hyperion but we'd never tested it out. Everybody was very keen to give it a shot but we really didn't know if it was going to hold up to the rigors of our production schedule. This was a hard movie on all fronts. Not only did it perform but it performed beautifully," Hall said.

But to create a movie without knowing for sure if the software would work "was awe inspiring and terrifying at the same time," Hall said.

Teamwork was an essential component

Williams said, "Animation is by far the most collaborative art form there is. No one person can explain the entire process. So we all really rely on each other. We can focus on the creative side but we don't know much about the technical side and how it works."

Hall said, "We're like NASA. We're like the janitors. These guys are so smart. It reminds me of 'Apollo 13' where they're telling all the guys to duct tape the vents."

Both Hall and Williams deferred to CTO Hendrickson to explain the technical details of how Hyperion works.

Hendrickson said, "Hyperion models in the computer what rays of light do in the real world. As rays of light travel around inside the room you're in, they interact with objects and we describe accurately the interface that happens with those objects and the rays. It bounces off the object when it hits it. If it hits a diffused surface it breaks the light into hundreds, if not thousands, of lower energy rays. This bouncing goes on and on and on. Hyperion does a really good job of organizing that, the ray casting, the bouncing, over and over. It does a good job of organizing all those actions into structures that are easy for a computer to understand. We make efficient use of caches and memory. When we do that we find we can get a lot more computation out of the computer."

It took 200 million computing hours to create Hyperion because they were simulating the physics of light to illuminate each scene. "That simulation is pretty CPU intensive, as you can imagine. In each scene there are 10 billion rays of light bouncing around carrying light energy around the scenes and interacting with objects in the scene and splitting and turning into more rays of lights. That gives you kind of a softness and a depth to the shadows and the kind of lifelike highlights in the scenes you don't generally see in computer generated imagery. We're very excited about that and the proof is in the visual," Hendrickson said.

As the team experimented, they kept a Plan B on hand, which was to use the same RenderMan software from Pixar that was previously used on "Frozen" if Hyperion didn't pan out.

"For a while we were on this idea of dual paths - one like 'Frozen,' one like this - but after a while we abandoned the old style and eventually everybody threw their hands in and said, 'This is how we're going to do it. The visuals are going to be so good that we've got to make it happen.' At the time it was kind of scary. It's about taking chances for us. We like to put the maximum amount of innovation that we can on the screen that's humanly possible. That's in story, the look and the technology we use to build these worlds. All of that is considered equal innovation," Hendrickson said.

There was an immense need for processing power to produce the film. Three Disney rendering farms in Los Angeles and one in San Francisco were connected to create a supercomputer of nearly 4,600 computers running 55,000 cores. In comparison, "Frozen" used 26,000 cores. Coda, which is an automated management system, guided the information being processed from the four rendering farms.

"We do the projections by rendering a couple scenes, turning a couple of the virtual worlds into pictures, that's what we call rendering. Looking at the projections we needed this extremely large machine to do these calculations. Given the time and complexity, we needed a 55,000 core machine," Hendrickson explained.

"The energy and the cooling it takes to run such a machine doesn't exist at any one Disney site. I had to split the machine across four sites and knit it all back together into one big machine and that took quite a bit of engineering to get it all to run," he said.

Hyperion allowed the filmmakers to capture the busy look of the mythical San Fransokyo.

 Image: Disney

By having a supercomputer process the images, it means that the artists can see their work the very next morning. "For the artist, they submit their work to be processed and they come in the next morning and see all the images. When we talk about the artists' submissions, they're submitting all their work to be done which oftentimes includes all the shots of all the scenes. We processed around 400,000 jobs a night. Day in and day out, seven days a week. The heavy processing was all processed in 4 or 5 months," Hendrickson said.

Technology in real life

But is the technology seen in the film possible in real life? Does microbot robotic swarm technology, for instance, exist in today's world or just onscreen? Hendrickson said this is a frequent question among those who have seen the film, where up to 20 million microbots swarm in tandem and flow over each other in circuit-like waves to create structures and shapes.

Microbot robotic swarm technology is featured in "Big Hero 6."

 Image: Disney

"Microbot robotic swarm technology - what the microbots do now [onscreen] is currently not possible but then again, there's a lot of technology in movies that's currently not possible but then becomes possible. We like to think we give some inspiration. But then, microbots and swarmbots are in development now. Self-assembling robot arrays are something we definitely kept our eye on and ear to the ground. Hopefully we've set a new bar for how to make robots appealing. Just [seeing] functioning exoskeletons is not comforting. Baymax was taking the idea of the vinyl-skinned robot forward. It's an active research idea," Hendrickson said.

Among those at Disney Animation, technology is essential. "Technology is clearly not and hasn't been a sidelight. It is part of our lives and so is moving that forward and imagining what the future of technology can be. When I was a kid, flying cars and computers that did our homework was what the world was going to be and that world still hasn't come true. I think it's great that we allow ourselves to be kids and imagine what the technology could be and maybe that technology will come true," Hendrickson said.

One area of technology seen in the film was 3D printing, which obviously exists in real life, but not at the extreme level used when armor is created for Baymax. "3D printing - that's a future active topic. You'd love it to be the speed and quality and fidelity and durability that it is in 'Big Hero 6' and it will get there some day. Imagine some day kids can come home from school and dream it up and put it into a 3D CAD system and make it come true," he said.

Another technology seen in the film is mind control over robotics. Hendrickson said it "is an active research field and it's starting to yield some fruit. In the movie it's very fluid, in the real world it's not so fluid. Hopefully in the future humans will be able to interact with machines and be able to transfer their thoughts to machines. It allows the flexibility to control by using brainwaves to control the microbots." In the future, this could work when someone simply thinks about how they want to open their mail, and the robot immediately opens your email and reads it to you, he said.

"The other thing about 'Big Hero 6' that I think is fantastic is it's a world where technology is not evil. It's just there. People make it, they use it, the kids harness technology, so technology is something we use and something we use to make ourselves better rather than technology used as some sort of evil overlord. I like the positive technology message."

And the result of combining the positive message with groundbreaking light-rendering software resulted in "Big Hero 6," a film that has won over audiences worldwide since its November 7 release and has already generated $190 million in worldwide box office ticket sales.

Hendrickson said, "That's what audiences like to go see. They want to see something fresh and new and something that makes your eyeballs go wow.”

Second Article:

Disney's 'Big Hero 6': a movie for all ages

By Ealasaid A. Haas

There are a couple of primary themes in "Big Hero 6," Disney's latest CGI kids' adventure movie, but it has a lot going on besides that. There's action, adventure, a wonderfully diverse set of characters, and a handful of lessons kids and parents can take away with them to talk about later. Saying that a movie is for all ages is a little trite, but this one really is. Kids too young to deal with some cartoonish action and the idea of people dying are about the only ones who should sit this out.

"Big Hero 6" focuses on young Hiro (Ryan Potter), a child prodigy with robotics who is failing to follow in his older brother Tadashi's (Daniel Henney) footsteps. He's unmotivated, disinterested in going to college, and so on -- until Tadashi brings him along on an errand to the lab he shares with a group of fellow science students (plus the group's equivalent of Shaggy -- Fred, voiced by T.J. Miller) at the nearby university. They all work on wildly different projects, and before long Hiro has been convinced to take a shot at getting into the school.

Things don't go as well as Hiro and the audience hope, of course, and soon Hiro is recruiting his brother's medi-bot to help him investigate a crime. Eventually everyone in Tadashi's lab gets recruited, each with their own snazzy outfits and cool tools.

It's exciting to see a crew of robotics geeks on the screen who are not only unabashedly excited about their work but completely oblivious to the gender and race differences among them. Two of the six members are women, one's a robot, and more than half the humans are people of color - and it's just not mentioned. One of the women is stereotypically femme, with long blonde hair and lots of pink, but her inventions are just as useful and cool as those of the other gal, who's short and pretty butch. It's a wonderful change from the CGI films of recent years where all the women look like the same model with a few tweaks while the men come in all sizes and shapes. "Big Hero 6" is teeming with people, and they all look different.

The animation is a fabulous blend of the cartoonish and the computer-based, just futuristic enough to make the high tech believable, but with enough of the familiar to keep things a bit grounded. The voice acting is solid, the writing is good, the composition of shots and scenes adds to both the humor and the excitement without making things chaotic or unclear. Big Hollywood action movies could stand a lesson or three from "Big Hero 6."

There's a lot to love here, including a sweet short animated film preceding the movie, about a dog who loves people-food. If you don't like movies with comic-book-ish or cartoonish feels, steer clear. Otherwise, if you have any interest at all in a fun movie about young adults and kids teaming up to defend their beloved city, go see "Big Hero 6."

Verb-ing as verb:

1. The first year of writing Hyperion was experiments to see if these new methods of rendering would actually work for us and how it would be idealized and optimized,"

2. We were writing it and using it at the same time.

3. It's just like building a car while you're driving it.

4. Everybody was very keen to give it a shot but we really didn't know if it was going to hold up to the rigors of our production schedule.

5. These guys are so smart. It reminds me of 'Apollo 13' where they're telling all the guys to duct tape the vents

Verb-ing as an adjective:

1. He needed to appear soft and glowing.

2. But to create a movie without knowing for sure if the software would work "was awe inspiring and terrifying at the same time," Hall said.

3. Hopefully we've set a new bar for how to make robots appealing

4. It's exciting to see a crew of robotics geeks on the screen who are not only unabashedly excited about their work but completely oblivious to the gender and race differences among them.

5. "Big Hero 6" is teeming with people, and they all look different.

Verb-ing as a noun:

1. But to create a movie without knowing for sure if the software would work "was awe inspiring and terrifying at the same time," Hall said.

2. One area of technology seen in the film was 3D printing

3. It allows the flexibility to control by using brainwaves to control the microbots

4. Kids too young to deal with some cartoonish action and the idea of people dying are about the only ones who should sit this out.

5. Saying that a movie is for all ages is a little trite, but this one really is.

http://www.techrepublic.com/article/disney-animation-team-pushes-technical-boundaries-with-big-hero-6/

http://www.mercurynews.com/fremont/ci_27030012/disneys-big-hero-6-movie-all-ages

RITA APRILIANI HARSOYO

16611286

4SA04

Direct and Indirect Speech

The Gift of the Magi

by O. Henry

Originally published on Dec 10, 1905 in The New York Sunday World as "Gifts of the Magi."

An illustration for the story The Gift of the Magi by the author O. Henry

ONE DOLLAR AND EIGHTY-SEVEN CENTS. THAT WAS ALL. AND SIXTY CENTS of it was in pennies. Pennies saved one and two at a time by bulldozing the grocer and the vegetable man and the butcher until one's cheeks burned with the silent imputation of parsimony that such close dealing implied. Three times Della counted it. One dollar and eighty-seven cents. And the next day would be Christmas.

There was clearly nothing left to do but flop down on the shabby little couch and howl. So Della did it. Which instigates the moral reflection that life is made up of sobs, sniffles, and smiles, with sniffles predominating.

While the mistress of the home is gradually subsiding from the first stage to the second, take a look at the home. A furnished flat at $8 per week. It did not exactly beggar description, but it certainly had that word on the look-out for the mendicancy squad.

In the vestibule below was a letter-box into which no letter would go, and an electric button from which no mortal finger could coax a ring. Also appertaining thereunto was a card bearing the name "Mr. James Dillingham Young."

The "Dillingham" had been flung to the breeze during a former period of prosperity when its possessor was being paid $30 per week. Now, when the income was shrunk to $20, the letters of "Dillingham" looked blurred, as though they were thinking seriously of contracting to a modest and unassuming D. But whenever Mr. James Dillingham Young came home and reached his flat above he was called "Jim" and greatly hugged by Mrs. James Dillingham Young, already introduced to you as Della. Which is all very good.

Della finished her cry and attended to her cheeks with the powder rag. She stood by the window and looked out dully at a grey cat walking a grey fence in a grey backyard. To-morrow would be Christmas Day, and she had only $1.87 with which to buy Jim a present. She had been saving every penny she could for months, with this result. Twenty dollars a week doesn't go far. Expenses had been greater than she had calculated. They always are. Only $1.87 to buy a present for Jim. Her Jim. Many a happy hour she had spent planning for something nice for him. Something fine and rare and sterling--something just a little bit near to being worthy of the honour of being owned by Jim.

There was a pier-glass between the windows of the room. Perhaps you have seen a pier-glass in an $8 Bat. A very thin and very agile person may, by observing his reflection in a rapid sequence of longitudinal strips, obtain a fairly accurate conception of his looks. Della, being slender, had mastered the art.

Suddenly she whirled from the window and stood before the glass. Her eyes were shining brilliantly, but her face had lost its colour within twenty seconds. Rapidly she pulled down her hair and let it fall to its full length.

Now, there were two possessions of the James Dillingham Youngs in which they both took a mighty pride. One was Jim's gold watch that had been his father's and his grandfather's. The other was Della's hair. Had the Queen of Sheba lived in the flat across the airshaft, Della would have let her hair hang out of the window some day to dry just to depreciate Her Majesty's jewels and gifts. Had King Solomon been the janitor, with all his treasures piled up in the basement, Jim would have pulled out his watch every time he passed, just to see him pluck at his beard from envy.

So now Della's beautiful hair fell about her, rippling and shining like a cascade of brown waters. It reached below her knee and made itself almost a garment for her. And then she did it up again nervously and quickly. Once she faltered for a minute and stood still while a tear or two splashed on the worn red carpet.

On went her old brown jacket; on went her old brown hat. With a whirl of skirts and with the brilliant sparkle still in her eyes, she cluttered out of the door and down the stairs to the street.

Where she stopped the sign read: "Mme Sofronie. Hair Goods of All Kinds." One Eight up Della ran, and collected herself, panting. Madame, large, too white, chilly, hardly looked the "Sofronie."

"Will you buy my hair?" asked Della.

"I buy hair," said Madame. "Take yer hat off and let's have a sight at the looks of it."

Down rippled the brown cascade.

"Twenty dollars," said Madame, lifting the mass with a practised hand.

"Give it to me quick" said Della.

Oh, and the next two hours tripped by on rosy wings. Forget the hashed metaphor. She was ransacking the stores for Jim's present.

She found it at last. It surely had been made for Jim and no one else. There was no other like it in any of the stores, and she had turned all of them inside out. It was a platinum fob chain simple and chaste in design, properly proclaiming its value by substance alone and not by meretricious ornamentation--as all good things should do. It was even worthy of The Watch. As soon as she saw it she knew that it must be Jim's. It was like him. Quietness and value--the description applied to both. Twenty-one dollars they took from her for it, and she hurried home with the 78 cents. With that chain on his watch Jim might be properly anxious about the time in any company. Grand as the watch was, he sometimes looked at it on the sly on account of the old leather strap that he used in place of a chain.

When Della reached home her intoxication gave way a little to prudence and reason. She got out her curling irons and lighted the gas and went to work repairing the ravages made by generosity added to love. Which is always a tremendous task dear friends--a mammoth task.

Within forty minutes her head was covered with tiny, close-lying curls that made her look wonderfully like a truant schoolboy. She looked at her reflection in the mirror long, carefully, and critically.

"If Jim doesn't kill me," she said to herself, "before he takes a second look at me, he'll say I look like a Coney Island chorus girl. But what could I do--oh! what could I do with a dollar and eighty-seven cents?"

At 7 o'clock the coffee was made and the frying-pan was on the back of the stove hot and ready to cook the chops.

Jim was never late. Della doubled the fob chain in her hand and sat on the corner of the table near the door that he always entered. Then she heard his step on the stair away down on the first flight, and she turned white for just a moment. She had a habit of saying little silent prayers about the simplest everyday things, and now she whispered: "Please, God, make him think I am still pretty."

The door opened and Jim stepped in and closed it. He looked thin and very serious. Poor fellow, he was only twenty-two--and to be burdened with a family! He needed a new overcoat and he was with out gloves.

Jim stepped inside the door, as immovable as a setter at the scent of quail. His eyes were fixed upon Della, and there was an expression in them that she could not read, and it terrified her. It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the sentiments that she had been prepared for. He simply stared at her fixedly with that peculiar expression on his face.

Della wriggled off the table and went for him.

"Jim, darling," she cried, "don't look at me that way. I had my hair cut off and sold it because I couldn't have lived through Christmas without giving you a present. It'll grow out again--you won't mind, will you? I just had to do it. My hair grows awfully fast. Say 'Merry Christmas!' Jim, and let's be happy. You don't know what a nice-what a beautiful, nice gift I've got for you."

"You've cut off your hair?" asked Jim, laboriously, as if he had not arrived at that patent fact yet, even after the hardest mental labour.

"Cut it off and sold it," said Della. "Don't you like me just as well, anyhow? I'm me without my hair, ain't I?"

Jim looked about the room curiously.

                    

"You say your hair is gone?" he said, with an air almost of idiocy.

"You needn't look for it," said Della. "It's sold, I tell you--sold and gone, too. It's Christmas Eve, boy. Be good to me, for it went for you. Maybe the hairs of my head were numbered," she went on with a sudden serious sweetness, "but nobody could ever count my love for you. Shall I put the chops on, Jim?"

Out of his trance Jim seemed quickly to wake. He enfolded his Della. For ten seconds let us regard with discreet scrutiny some inconsequential object in the other direction. Eight dollars a week or a million a year--what is the difference? A mathematician or a wit would give you the wrong answer. The magi brought valuable gifts, but that was not among them. I his dark assertion will be illuminated later on.

Jim drew a package from his overcoat pocket and threw it upon the table.

"Don't make any mistake, Dell," he said, "about me. I don't think there's anything in the way of a haircut or a shave or a shampoo that could make me like my girl any less. But if you'll unwrap that package you may see why you had me going a while at first."

White fingers and nimble tore at the string and paper. And then an ecstatic scream of joy; and then, alas! a quick feminine change to hysterical tears and wails, necessitating the immediate employment of all the comforting powers of the lord of the flat.

For there lay The Combs--the set of combs, side and back, that Della had worshipped for long in a Broadway window. Beautiful combs, pure tortoise-shell, with jewelled rims--just the shade to wear in the beautiful vanished hair. They were expensive combs, she knew, and her heart had simply craved and yearned over them without the least hope of possession. And now, they were hers, but the tresses that should have adorned the coveted adornments were gone.

But she hugged them to her bosom, and at length she was able to look up with dim eyes and a smile and say: "My hair grows so fast, Jim!"

And then Della leaped up like a little singed cat and cried, "Oh, oh!"

Jim had not yet seen his beautiful present. She held it out to him eagerly upon her open palm. The dull precious metal seemed to flash with a reflection of her bright and ardent spirit.

"Isn't it a dandy, Jim? I hunted all over town to find it. You'll have to look at the time a hundred times a day now. Give me your watch. I want to see how it looks on it."

Instead of obeying, Jim tumbled down on the couch and put his hands under the back of his head and smiled.

"Dell," said he, "let's put our Christmas presents away and keep 'em a while. They're too nice to use just at present. I sold the watch to get the money to buy your combs. And now suppose you put the chops on."

The magi, as you know, were wise men--wonderfully wise men-who brought gifts to the Babe in the manger. They invented the art of giving Christmas presents. Being wise, their gifts were no doubt wise ones, possibly bearing the privilege of exchange in case of duplication. And here I have lamely related to you the uneventful chronicle of two foolish children in a flat who most unwisely sacrificed for each other the greatest treasures of their house. But in a last word to the wise of these days let it be said that of all who give gifts these two were the wisest. Of all who give and receive gifts, such as they are wisest. Everywhere they are wisest. They are the magi.

http://americanliterature.com/author/o-henry/short-story/the-gift-of-the-magi

STATEMENT

            Direct:

1.      "You needn't look for it," said Della.

Indirect:

1.      Della said that you needn’t looked for it.

= The direct speech has simple present tense. If we want to change it into indirect speech, we change the simple present form into simple pastense form.

Verb 1 -> Verb 2

Direct:

2.      "I buy hair," said Madame.

Indirect:

2.      Madame said that she bought hair.

= The direct sentence has simple present. We should change it into past simple if we want to change it into indirect sentence. The verb is “buy” so we must change it into verb 2 “bought”.

QUESTION

            Direct:

1.      "Will you buy my hair?" asked Della.

Indirect:

1.      Della asked that would you bought her hair.

= In this sentence, the direct speech has future tense. SO, we change “will” into “would” and “buy” into “bought”.

Direct:

2.      "You've cut off your hair?" asked Jim.

Indirect:

2.      Jim asked that you had cut off your hair.

= The form of the direct speech is present perfect tense. So, we must change the form. Indeed, we change “have” into “had” and “cut” is irregular verb. It has same form. Cut ->Cut->Cut. So it change from have cut become had cut.

IMPERATIVE:

Direct:

1.      "My hair grows so fast, Jim!". She said.

Indirect:

1.      She said that her hair grew so fast.

= The tense of the direct speech is simple present tense. So, the indirect speech changed into simple past form. Indeed, we change the verb “grow” into “grew”.

Direct:

2.      “Open the door and sit down!”. She said.

Indirect:

2.      She said to opened the door and sat down.

= It has simple present tense and we should change it into simple past tense. So, the verb changed “open” imto “opened” and “sit” become “sat”

NAME            : RITA APRILIANI HARSOYO

NPM               : 16611286

4SA04

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

    1.  Definitions of Active and Passive Voice     

1.1  Definition of active voice.

Active voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action denoted by the verb.

Here is the example:

I eat an apple

(I is the subject, and the object is an apple and stated by the verb)

1.2  Definition of passive voice.

Passive voice describes the subject is acted upon by the verb. In the passive voice, the subject is not perform the action but receiving the action.

Example:

The apple is eaten by me.

22. The Formula of Passive Voice.

SUBJECT+BE+PAST PARTICIPLE+OBJECT

OR WE CAN ONLY SAY AS

BE+PAS PARTICIPLE

Here is the table to make it easy to be learned based on the tenses.

Tense	Active voice	Passive voice
Simple present tense	Verb form: first form of the verb Examples They speak English here. He speaks English.	Verb form: is / am / are + past participle form of the verb Examples English is spoken here. English is spoken by him.
Present continuous tense	Verb form: is/am/are + -ing form of the verb Examples She is writing a letter. I am learning my lessons. You are making a cake.	Verb form: is/am/are + being + past participle form of the verb Examples A letter is being written by her. My lessons are being learnt by me. A cake is being made by you.
resent perfect tense	Verb form: has/have + past participle form of the verb Examples: I have written a novel. She has finished the job. You have written letters.	Verb form: has/have + been + past participle form of the verb Examples: A novel has been written by me. The job has been finished by her. Letters have been written by you.
Simple past	Verb form: past tense form of the verb Examples: I wrote a letter. Ram broke a glass. You missed the chance.	Verb form: was/were + past participle form of the verb Examples: A letter was written by me. A glass was broken by Ram. The chance was missed by you.
Past continuous tense	Verb form: was/were + -ing form of the verb Examples I was learning my lessons. She was writing a report. They were making toys.	Verb form: was/were + being + past participle form of the verb Examples My lessons were being learnt by me. A report was being written by her. Toys were being made by them.
Past perfect tense	Verb form: had + past participle form of the verb Examples I had finished the project. She had learned her lessons.	Verb form: had + been + past participle form of the verb Examples: The project had been finished by me. Her lessons had been learned by her.
Simple future tense	Verb form: will/shall + first form of the verb Examples I will finish the job. She will solve the problem.	Verb form: will/shall + be + past participle form of the verb Examples: The job will be finished by me. The problem will be solved by her.
Future perfect	Verb form: will/shall + have + past participle form of the verb Examples I will have finished the job. She will have solved the problem.	Verb form: will/shall + have + been + past participle form of the verb Examples The job will have been finished by me. The problem will have been solved by her.

33. Identifying the active and the passive voice on an article.

 BULLYING

Bullying can be defined as the use of force or coercion to abuse or intimidate junior students, fellow students or workers or anyone else in particular. The behavior of bullying others can be habitual and involve an imbalance of social or physical power. Bullying can be in the form of verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion and may be directed repeatedly towards particular victims, perhaps on grounds of class, race, religion, gender, sexuality, appearance, behavior, or ability. If bullying is done by a group, it is called mobbing. The victim of bullying is sometimes referred to as a target and this target can be any fellow worker or student or a junior. The menace of bullying has generally been observed among children and teenagers, particularly the high school going teenagers. Aggressive behavior may be bullying depending on what happened, how often it happens and who it happens to.

There are a lot of ways to define bullying. Yet another way of defining bullying can be that it is an unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance among them. Bullying can either be done in a group or even one-on-one involving the target and the person bullying him. The behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time. Bullying includes actions such as making threats, spreading rumors, attacking someone physically or verbally, and excluding someone from a group on purpose. Sometimes bullying is done just for the fun whereas at times bullying is aimed at something more than just making fun of the target person. Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse. But bullying at school is more dominant that that at office or workplace. A bullying culture can develop in any context in which human beings interact with each other. This includes school, family, the workplace, team, home, and neighborhoods.

History

The word "bully" was first used in the 1530s meaning sweetheart, love or brother. The meaning deteriorated through the 17th century through "fine fellow", "blusterer", to "harasser of the weak". This may have been as a connecting sense between "lover" and "ruffian”, which was one sense of "bully" though not specifically attested until 1706. The verb "to bully" is first attested in 1710. Though bullying as in general was not really a menace at that time. Bullying may include threatening, abusing someone verbally or physically or spreading rumors but only high-level forms of violence such as assault and murder usually received most media attention and the word bullying started becoming a menace in Western countries at the beginning of 19^th century. The lower-level forms of violence such as bullying have only in recent years started to be addressed by researchers, parents and guardians, and authority figures.

 It is only in past few years that the problem of bullying has been recognized in our country and recorded as a separate and distinct offence, but there have been well documented cases that have been recorded over the centuries. During past few years there have been a considerable rise in the cases of bullying and ragging in our country also, which can be attributed to the fact of rapidly growing modernization in our country and present generation is moving away from the rich culture that our country has always been proud of.

Bullying a big Problem

The menace of bullying has been at a rise in past few years around the world. Every day, thousands of teens around the world wake up afraid to go to school with the fear of being bullied at school by their classmates or seniors. Bullying is a big problem that is affecting millions of students all over the world, and it has left everyone worried, not just the kids on its receiving end even parents are also worried. Yet because parents, teachers, and other adults don't always see it, they may not understand how extreme bullying can get. Bullying is when a person referred as the target is picked on over and over again by an individual or group with more power, either in terms of physical strength or social standing and insulted, humiliated, threatened or abused either verbally or physically.

Two of the main reasons for bullying at school can be attributed to the appearance and social status of the individual. Bullies for most of the times pick on the people they think don't fit in, maybe because of how they look, how they act for example, kids who are shy and withdrawn, their race or religion. While at times the bullying can also be directed because of some personal issues or scores with another individual. Sometimes there are issues with an individual over his performance in classroom or may be the reason is jealousy for bullying an individual and bullies always target weak individuals.

Some bullies attack their targets physically, which can mean anything from shoving or tripping to punching or hitting, or even sexual assault while at times they may use psychological control or verbal insults to put themselves in charge. Bullies always target a potentially weak person in the terms of physical strength and when target is a strong individual then bullies always attack the target in group.  People in popular groups or cliques often bully people they categorize as different by excluding them or gossiping about them which can be termed as psychological bullying. They may also taunt or tease their targets by the means of verbal bullying. Verbal bullying can also involve sending cruel texts, messages, or emails or posting insults about a person on social networking sites and these practices of abusing someone on internet is known as cyber bullying.

Ways to Deal with Bullies

Bullying is when a person or group repeatedly tries to harm someone who is weaker or who they think is weaker. Sometimes it involves direct attacks such as hitting, name calling, teasing or taunting. Sometimes it is indirect, such as spreading rumors or trying to make others reject someone. It is seen that people often dismiss bullying among kids and consider it as a normal part of growing up, but at times bullying can get really harmful. A lot of times it can lead children and teenagers to feel tense and afraid and often leads to children avoiding their school. In severe cases, teens who are bullied may feel they need to take drastic measures or react violently while few others even consider suicide. For some, the effects of bullying last a lifetime. Those who are experiencing bullying need to handle the problem carefully. Few steps to deal with bullying are:

Hold the anger:

Everyone gets really upset with bullies and that's exactly the response he or she is trying to get. Bullies want to know they have control over your emotions. Do not let them influence you so much. If you're in a situation where you have to deal with a bully and you can't walk away then it is a smart thing to use humor against those bullies, it can throw the bully off guard. If you are constantly dealing with these bullies then it is advised that you work out your anger in another way, such as through exercise or writing it down make sure you tear up any letters or notes you write in anger and not actually pass them on to those people which can really mess up the things for you.

Don't get physical:

It is better advised that you should not get physical with these bullies around you. However you choose to deal with a bully, don't use physical force like kicking, hitting, or pushing which at times can get really rough. Getting physical with these people is a really bad idea as these people always indulge in these activities only when they are in a group. By getting physical with them you are not only showing your anger, you can never be sure what the bully will do in response. It is more likely that you’ll be hurt and get in to trouble if you use violence against a bully. There are a lot of other ways to deal with such people. You can stand up for yourself in other ways, such as gaining control of the situation by walking away or by being assertive in your actions. Some adults believe that bullying is a part of growing up and that hitting back is the only way to tackle the problem. But that's not the case. Aggressive responses tend to lead to more violence and more bullying for the victims and at most of the time situation gets worse only.

Ignore the bully and walk away:

 The best way to deal with such people is to just ignore them and walk away. It's definitely not a coward's response; in fact it is a smart move.  Sometimes it can be harder than losing your temper. Walking away may piss them and they may feel ashamed when no one gives response to their cheap jokes. Bullies thrive on the reaction they get, and if you walk away or ignore hurtful emails or instant messages, you're telling the bully that you just don't care which at times can be really insulting for them. Sooner or later the bully will probably get bored with trying to bother you and finally get fed up and stop bothering you. Walk tall and hold your head high. Using this type of body language sends a message that you're not vulnerable and messing with you can get them into a big problem.

Find good friends:

Yet another way to deal with this problem is to have some good friends who stand by your side. This can be one step further to help ease feelings of hurt and isolation. Find one or two true friends and confide how the gossip has hurt your feelings. Set the record straight by telling your friends quietly and confidently what's true and not true about you. It feels really nice when a friend say that, "I know the rumor's not true and don’t pay attention to it,” having good friends around you also gives a strong message that you have people to stand by with you and no one dares to mess with you unnecessarily.

Conclusion

Bullying these days has become a big menace and lot of students these days are afraid of going to school because of the fear of bullying. It is a high time that we should all stand up against this curse. A lot of parents and teachers have a view that bullying is the part of normal childhood, but these days this can get really troublesome for few students. Teachers and school authorities should take serious note of such activities and if anyone found indulging in such activities should be punished strictly so as to act as deterrent for the others. Individuals should also try to deal with bullies at their own level. One can try to talk to the bully. If you don't feel comfortable in a face-to-face discussion, leave a note in the bully's locker. Try to point out that his or her behavior is serious and harmful and is hurting someone in one way or the other. This can work well in group situations, such as if you notice that a member of your group has started to pick on or shun another member. Another effective way to deal with bullying is to join your school's anti-bullying program or, if your school doesn't have one, to start one of your own with your friends and classmates.

Active voice

1. Everyone gets really upset with bullies and that's exactly the response he or she is trying to get.

This sentence is active voice because it contains S+V1+O or we can say “simple present tense”. The subject is ”everyone”, comes before the verb “gets”. 

2. It feels really nice when a friend say that, "I know the rumor's not true and don’t pay attention to it,” having good friends around you also gives a strong message that you have people to stand by with you and no one dares to mess with you unnecessarily. 

This sentence can be said as active voice because it has subject “it” and verb 1 “feels”. The subject comes before the verb. 

3. Bullying includes actions such as making threats, spreading rumors, attacking someone physically or verbally, and excluding someone from a group on purpose.

This sentence also uses simple present because it has subject “bullying” and the verb 1 “includes”.

4.It feels really nice when a friend say that, "I know the rumor's not true and don’t pay attention to it,” having good friends around you also gives a strong message that you have people to stand by with you and no one dares to mess with you unnecessarily.

This sentence also can be said as active voice because it has subject “it” amd the verb 1 “feels” and continued by objects.

5. Some bullies attack their targets physically, which can mean anything from shoving or tripping to punching or hitting, or even sexual assault while at times they may use psychological control or verbal insults to put themselves in charge.This sentence also can be said as active sentence because this sentence has subject “some bullies” and the verb 1 “attack”. The subject comes before the verb.

Passive voice:

1.  Bullying can be defined as the use of force or coercion to abuse or intimidate junior students, fellow students or workers or anyone else in particular.

It is a passive voice because it has form “S+modal+be+v3” the subject is “bullying” the modal is “can” and the verb be is “be” and the verb 3 is “defined”.

 

2. It is only in past few years that the problem of bullying has been recognized in our country and recorded as a separate and distinct offence, but there have been well documented cases that have been recorded over the centuries.

This sentence is passive voice, the reason is because this sentence has form “S+have/has+been+past participle”.

3. Bullying is when a person referred as the target is picked on over and over again by an individual or group with more power, either in terms of physical strength or social standing and insulted, humiliated, threatened or abused either verbally or physically

This sentence is also called passive voice because it has form S+be+past participle. Where is the be? Its “is”. Where is the past participle? Its “picked”.

      4. While at times the bullying can also be directed because of some personal issues or scores with another individual

This sentence contains passive voice because te form is modal+past participle. The modal is “can also be” and the past participle is “directed”.

1.  5.  If bullying is done by a group, it is called mobbing.
     The reason why this sentence is passtive voice is because this sentence has verb be “is” and the past participle “done”.

  

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